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Stock Exchange Transactions - Terms Terminology Glossary


square List of Terms relating to Indian Stock Exchange ↓


List of the important terms relating to indian stock exchange transactions.


square 1. Group A Shares


These are the listed equity shares of large and well established companies having broad investor base. These shares are actively traded and for these shares the facility for carrying forward a transaction from one accounting period to another is available. Naturally, these shares attract a lot of speculative multiples. These facilities are not available for group B shares. However, shares can be moved from Group B to Group A and vice versa depending on criteria for shifting. For instance the Bombay Stock Exchange has laid down several criteria for shifting shares from Group B to Group A; such as, an equity base of Rs. 10 crores, a market capitalization of Rs. 25-30 crores, a public holding of 35 to 40 percent, a shareholding population of 15,000 to 20,000, good dividend paying status, etc.


Stock exchange transactions terms glossary


square 2. Group B Shares


These are those listed shares which do not follow the criteria prescribed for Group A shares. Group B shares are again divided into B1 and B shares on BSE. B1 shares represent well traded scrips among B group and they have weekly settlements.


square 3. Group C Shares


Under Group C, only odd lots and permitted securities are included. A number of shares that are less than the market lot are called odd lots. Market lot refers to the minimum number of shares of a particular security that must be transacted on a stock exchange. Odd lots have settlement once in a fortnights or once on Saturdays. Permitted securities are those that are not listed on a stock exchange but are listed on other exchanges in India. So they are permitted to be traded on BSE. Odd lots cannot be easily transacted on the stock exchange and so they are illiquid in nature.


square 4. Arbitration


Arbitration is a quasi-judicial process to resolve a dispute which is faster and inexpensive. The stock exchange facilitates the process of arbitration between the member and their clients. The disputes between the parties are resolved through arbitration in accordance with the by-laws of the exchange. Arbitration is required in the matters such as settlement of claims, differences and disputes between one member and another, between a member and his clients, sub-brokers or authorised clerks etc.


square 5. Arbitrage


Arbitrage is undertaken to make a profit out of differences in prices of a security in two different markets. It is a highly skilled speculative activity. If the prices of a security differ substantially in the two stock markets, the speculator purchases the security in the market where it is cheap and sells it at a profit in another market where it is quoted high and thus makes huge profit. The speculator has to act very fast since the prices are highly sensitive and they may get equalised within a short span of time.

The arbitrage may be carried on between the two markets within the country or in two different countries. The former is called 'domestic arbitrage' and the latter 'foreign arbitrage'. Arbitrage ultimately helps in equalising the prices of securities at different places; hence, it is beneficial to market. The brokers who carry arbitrage activity are called arbitragers.


square 6. Auction


An auction is a mechanism utilised by the exchange to fulfil its obligation to a counter party member when a member fails to deliver good securities or make the payment. The stock exchange, in such cases, arranges to buy good securities through auction and deliver them to the buying broker or arranges to realise the cash and pay it to the selling broker.


square 7. At Best Order


It is an order from an investor for the purchase or sale of securities wherein the investor does not specify a price at which the purchase or sale of securities should be made by broker on his behalf. Such order must be executed by the broker at best possible price. The client may also fix a time frame within which the order has to be executed. e. g. "Buy 200 Reliance Industries at best".


square 8. Authorised Clerk


An authorised clerk is a representative appointed by a stock broker to assist him in the securities trading. A broker cannot remain present all the time on trading floor of stock exchange, hence he requires assistants to carry out trading activities on his behalf. As per the rules of the stock exchange, each broker can employ a specified number of authorised clerks to transact his business. They are also called 'member assistants'. At Bombay, Madras & Calcutta Stock exchanges the number of authorised clerks allowed by a broker are 5, 3 and 8 respectively. Generally, authorised clerks are given power of attorney to act on behalf of broker & hence they can sign on behalf of brokers.


square 9. Bad Delivery Cell


A delivery of shares turns out to be bad if there is a company objection on account of signature difference, or if shares are fake, forged or stolen etc. In such a case the investor can approach the bad delivery cell of stock exchange through his broker for correction or replacement with good delivery.


square 10. Bid and Offer


Bid refers to the price of a share which a prospective buyer is ready to pay for particular scrip. Offer is the price at which a share is offered for a sale on stock exchange.


square 11. Brokerage


Brokerage means the commission charged by a broker for purchase or sale of securities done through him. The maximum brokerage chargeable as stipulated by SEBI is at present 2.5 % of the trade value.


square 12. BOLT


Bombay Stock Exchange has introduced BOLT. That is, BSE - On - Line - Trading - System for listed securities. Trading is order driven as quote driver system is discontinued. For this purpose BSE classified the listed securities into 5 categories. Viz. A, B1, B2, F, G and Z. Out of these A, B1 and B2 groups represent equity segment. Group F represents securities which have fixed income, 'G' group represents Government Securities whereas 'Z' represents those companies which failed to comply with listing norms or failed to redress investors' complaints or failed to comply with depository requirements. Trading of securities of listed companies of other exchanges is also permitted and these securities are categorised in 'Permitted Securities.'


square 13. 'Badla' or Carry Forward Trading


Carry Forward or 'Badla' refers to the trading in which the settlement of a transaction is postponed to the next settlement period on payment of some charges by way of interest known as Badla Charges. Carryover or Badla is a facility given to the speculator by the other party to carry forward the transaction from one settlement period to another. The scrips in specified categories (i.e. Group A) alone could be carried forward. Badla charges vary from period to period and are fixed fortnightly.


square 14. Bulls


Bulls are those brokers of stock exchange who are very optimistic of the rise in prices of securities. Hence, they go on buying shares in expectation of selling them at higher prices later. Thus, in a bull market there will be excess of purchase over sales. Bulls are also called 'Tejiwallas'.


square 15. Bears


Bears are those member brokers of stock exchange who are always pessimistic in approach. They expect a fall in prices of securities. Hence, they go on selling securities. They are also called Mandiwallas. A Bearish market refers to a market where prices of shares are falling continuously where there are excess of sales over purchases.


square 16. Blank transfers


Blank transfers facilitate speculative activities through badla transactions. If a seller (or transferer) of security simply signs the transfer form without specifying the name of buyer (or transferee), it is called a blank transfer. Badla transactions involve temporary purchases and sales of securities. If they have to be registered, it involves lot of inconveniences due to registration fees, stamp duty, etc. Hence, to avoid such inconveniences blank transfers are increasingly used to carryover the transaction.


square 17. Circuit breakers


Its a mechanism by which Stock Exchanges temporarily suspend the trading in a security when its prices are volatile and tend to breach the price band.


square 18. Clearing


Clearing is a process through which all transactions between members of stock exchange are settled through multilateral netting.


square 19. Company objection


For transfer of a security a transferer sends a scrip certificate along with the transfer deed to the company. In some cases the company refuses the registration of transfer on account of signature difference, or fake, forged or stolen shares. In such cases the company returns the documents sent along with a letter which is termed as a 'company objection'.


square 20. Cornering


It refers to the process of holding entire supply of a particular security by an individual or a group of individuals with a view to dictating terms to the short sellers and earning more profits.


square 21. Clearing Settlement


Under this method, the transactions are cleared and settled through the clearing house. Usually those securities which are frequently traded and are usually in demand are cleared through the clearing house.


square 22. Client brokers


These brokers do simple braking business by acting as intermediaries between the buyers and sellers and they earn only brokerage for their services rendered to the clients.


square 23. Cum-bonus


The shares are called cum-bonus when a purchaser is entitled to receive the current bonus declared by company.


square 24. Cum-rights


The share is described as cum-rights when a purchaser is entitled to receive the current-rights shares declared by the company.


square 25. Day order


A day order, as the name suggests, is an order which is valid for the day on which it is entered. If the order cannot be executed during the day, it gets cancelled automatically.


square 26. Discretionary order


It is an order placed by a client to buy or sell shares at whatever price the broker thinks reasonable. This is possible only when the client has complete faith on the broker.


square 27. Ex-bonus


The share is described as ex-bonus when a purchaser is not entitled to receive the current bonus, the right to which remains with the seller.


square 28. Ex-rights


The share is described as ex-rights when a purchaser is not entitled to receive the current rights, the right of which remains with the seller.


square 29. Forward trading


Forward trading refers to trading where contracts traded today are settled at some future date at prices decided today.


square 30. Good-bad delivery


A share certificate together with its transfer form which meets all the requirements of title transfer from seller to buyer is called good delivery in the market.

Delivery of a share certificate, together with a deed to transfer, which does not meet requirements of title transfer from seller to buyer is called a bad delivery in the market.


square 31. Hand Delivery Settlement


Under this method, the delivery of securities and payment are affected within the time stipulated in the agreement or within 14 days from the date of contract whichever is earlier. Most of the transactions are conducted on the basis of hand delivery settlements.


square 32. Insider Trading


It means trading in a company's shares by a person who is associated with that company. As a result of his association he has a secret price sensitive information about the company such as expansion plans, financial results, takeover bid, bonus or right issue etc. He tries to exploit that information and maximise his profit through trading in the scrip of that company. It is a crime and hence prohibited by stock exchanges.


square 33. Jumbo certificate


A jumbo share certificate is a single composite share certificate issued by consolidating-a large number of market lots.


square 34. Jobbers


A jobber is a professional independent broker who deals in securities on his own behalf. Like brokers he does not purchase or sell securities on behalf of a client for a commission. Instead he purchases the securities in his own name and sells them out when the prices of those securities increase and thereby earn a profit. He is like a stockist of security of different companies. He buys securities as a owner, keeps them for a very short period and sells them for profit known as 'jobbers turn'. He works for a profit and not for a commission.


square 35. Lame ducks


Lame ducks are bear brokers (expecting decline in prices) who ultimately sell the securities ultimately at a loss by making wrong moves. They lose in market due to the wrong prediction that share prices will decline but in reality they increase. Generally, they contract to sell securities which they do not posses, therefore, they are caught in a wrong foot.


square 36. Limit order


It is an order for the purchase or sale of a scrip at a fix price specified by the client. e.g. "Sell 100 TISCO shares @ Rs. 280".


square 37. Market Lot


Market lot refers to the minimum number of shares of a particular security that must be transacted on the exchange. Market lot may be 10 shares, 20 shares, 50 shares or 100 shares. Multiples of the market lot may also be transacted. In demat scrips the market lot is 1 share.


square 38. No-delivery period


Whenever a book closure or record date is announced by a company, the Exchange sets a no-delivery period for that security. During this period, trading is permitted in that security. However, these trades are settled only after the no-delivery period is over. This is done to ensure that investor's entitlement for corporate benefits is clearly determined.


square 39. Odd lot


A number of shares that are less than the market lot are known as odd lots. Under the scrip based delivery system, these shares are normally traded at a discount to the prevailing price for the marketable lot.


square 40. Order-driven trading


It is a trading initiated by buy I sell orders, from investors / brokers.


square 41. Over-the Counter trading


Trading in those stocks which are not listed on a stock exchange.


square 42. Open order


It is an order to buy or sell a security received from a client without fixing any time limit or price limit on the execution of the order. It is similar to discretionary order.


square 43. Pay-in


Pay-in day is the designated day on which the securities or funds are delivered / paid in by the members to the clearing house of the Exchange.


square 44. Pay-out


Pay-out is the designated day on which securities and funds are delivered I paid out to the members by the clearing house of the Exchange.


square 45. Price band


The daily / weekly price limits within which price of a security is allowed to rise or fall.


square 46. Price rigging (or Rigging the market)


When a person or persons acting in concert with each other collude to artificially increase or decrease the price of a security, that process is called price rigging or rigging the market. It is an undesirable activity since it prevents the free interplay of demand and supply. Stock exchanges and SEBI try to discourage such practice.


square 47. Quote-driven trading


Trading where brokers / market makers give buy I sell quote for a scrip simultaneously.


square 48. Record date


Record date is the date on which the beneficial ownership of an investor is entered into the register of members. Such a member is entitled to get all the corporate benefits.


square 49. Rematerialisation of shares


It is the process through which shares held in electronic form in depository are converted into physical form.


square 50. Screen based trading


When buying / selling of securities is done using computers and matching of trades is done by a stock exchange computer.


square 51. Settlement


It refers to the scrip-wise netting of trades by a broker after the trading period is over.


square 52. Settlement guarantee


Settlement guarantee is the guarantee provided by the clearing corporation for settlement of all trades even if a party defaults to deliver securities or pay cash.


square 53. Splitting /Consolidation


The process of splitting shares that have a high face value into shares of a lower face value is known as splitting. The reverse process of combining shares that have a low face value into one share of higher value is known as consolidation.


square 54. Spot trading


Trading by delivery of shares and payment for the same on the date of purchase or on the next day.


square 55. Stop transfer


It is an instruction given by a registered holder of shares to the company to stop the transfer of shares in his name as a result of theft, misplacement, loss of share certificates.


square 56. Stags


Stags are those members in share market who neither buy nor sell securities in stock exchange. They simply apply for subscription to new issues expecting to sell them at a higher price later when the issues are quoted on stock exchange. Generally, stags buy new issues and sell them on allotment or even before allotment for a profit. Since they act fast they are called stags - a fast runner.


square 57. Spot delivery settlement


These transactions are to be settled by delivery and payment on the date of contract or on the next day.


square 58. Special delivery


Delivery and payment made anytime exceeding 14 days, but not exceeding 2 months, following the date of the contract as may be stipulated when entering into the bargain and permitted by the Governing Board or the President.


square 59. Stop Loss Order


It is an order by a client to sell as soon as the prices fall upto a particular level or to buy when the price rises up to a specified level. This is mainly to protect the clients against a heavy fall or rise in prices so that they may not suffer more than the pre-specified amount.


square 60. Trade guarantee


Trade guarantee is the guarantee provided by the clearing corporation for all trades that are executed on the exchange. In contrast, at the settlement guarantee, guarantees the settlement of trade after multilateral netting.


square 61. Transfer deed


A transfer deed is a form that is used for effecting transfer of shares or debentures and is valid for a specified period. It should be sent, to the company along with the share certificate for registering the transfer. The transfer deed must be duly stamped and signed by or on behalf of the transferor and transferee and complete in all respects.


square 62. Wash Sales


Wash sales is a kind of fictitious transaction through which a speculator is able to reap huge profit by creating a misleading picture in the market. He makes fictitious sale of a security and then makes a purchase of the same security at higher price through another broker. Thus, he creates a misleading opinion in the market as if the price of a security in question is rising. As a result of such false opinion, when the price of the security actually rises the speculator sells it to earn a good profit. Wash sale is a kind of cheating hence stock exchanges impose severe penalty on such sales.


square 63. Wolves


These are the brokers who are fast and smart speculators. They quickly perceive changes in the trends in the market and trade fast to make profit. They are not generally caught in the wrong foot.







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